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Executive Summary
President Donald Trump has underscored containing Iran’s sway as a key element in establishing
a “strong and lasting footprint” in Syria as the United States moves toward bringing its
Soldiers home. In pursuing this key American objective, this paper recommends that Washington
take advantage of the “daylight” between Russia and Iran, and that it be American policy at
all levels to work to expand it. This long-existing “daylight” was underscored in 2018 by calls in
Moscow for Iran to withdraw its forces from some or all of Syria, and by Putin’s positive regard
at the summit in Helsinki with President Trump for Israel’s security requirements.
Russian acquiescence to U.S. and Israeli strikes against Iranian-associated and other forces
in Syria reinforces the conclusion that backing a dominant Iran is not one of President Vladimir
Putin’s priorities. However, while he will not forcefully oppose the United States and Israel
constraining Tehran, Putin will resist pressure to break totally with Iran and with the proxies
Iran bankrolls and trains to fight in Syria. In addition, Russia’s leverage on Iranian military and
political activities in Syria is limited.
Russia’s solution to its own dilemma of restraining Iranian behavior in the region has been
one of addition and mediation rather than subtraction. Moscow dilutes Iranian influence by
working with other powers, including those most antithetical to Iran. Russia’s relations with
Israel are now arguably closer to a “strategic partnership” than those with Iran. Russia’s dealings
with Saudi Arabia correspond more aptly to an “oil axis” than the “Shiite axis” description used
by some to characterize the ties between Moscow and Tehran. Russia’s economic ties and diplomacy
with Turkey and greenlighting of Turkish military action in Syria against Kurdish forces
have also diluted Iranian leverage in Syria.
America’s imposing military capabilities and veto-wielding membership in the United Nations
(UN) Security Council will provide it and its allies with continuing leverage on developments
in Syria. Putin ultimately will not be able to count on U.S. acceptance of any deal that
leaves Bashar al-Asad in place after a transition and new elections. Such an outcome would also
dash Russian hopes of significant American, European, and regional contributions to the immense
costs of reconstruction that lie ahead in Syria. Russia is unlikely to link its actions with
the United States in Syria to U.S. policy toward Iran on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
(JCPOA) nuclear deal, or to U.S. sanctions on Russia.
To attain the conditions that will make possible the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria,
the United States needs to maintain a properly resourced military presence on the ground and
in Syrian airspace. Only if it does so will Russia regard the United States as the most important
counterweight to Iran with which Moscow will want and will need to deal. Even after the April
13–14, 2018, U.S.-UK-French strikes on Syrian chemical weapons facilities, President Putin
remained eager for talks with President Trump and addressed Syria at their summit in Helsinki.
The Trump administration should therefore continue judiciously to engage Russia as the United
States works toward the goals of assuring the defeat of the so-called Islamic State (IS), constraining
Iran’s malign activities, bolstering Israel’s security, and deterring Syrian government use of
chemical weapons, without conceding anything in advance on Asad’s future or Iran’s place in
the region.
This paper is based on information that was current as of August 1, 2018.1
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Note
1 The paper also draws on the author’s May 2018 visit to Moscow and previous visits and
work on this and related topics: John W. Parker, Persian Dreams: Moscow and Tehran Since the Fall
of the Shah (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc., 2009), passim; John W. Parker, Russia and the
Iranian Nuclear Program: Replay or Breakthrough? Strategic Perspectives 9 (Washington, DC: NDU
Press, March 2012), passim, available at <http://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/inss/Strategic-Perspectives-9.pdf>; John W. Parker, Understanding Putin Through a Middle Eastern
Looking Glass, Strategic Perspectives 19 (Washington, DC: NDU Press, July 2015), passim, available
at <http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/inss/Strategic-Perspectives-19.pdf>; and John W. Parker, Putin’s Syrian Gambit: Sharper Elbows, Bigger Footprint, Stickier Wicket,
Strategic Perspectives 25 (Washington, DC: NDU Press, July 2017), passim, available at <http://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/inss/Strategic-Perspectives-25.pdf>