Irregular warfare is one of the most enduring modalities of human conflict; persisting across epochs because it exploits asymmetries inherent in human cognition, sociopolitical organization, and technical capability. Axiomatically, irregular warfare leverages operations that are contrary to the status quo. By defying expectation, such operations introduce uncertainty, refute predictive models, and exploit gaps in preparedness. The result is a cascade of cognitive effects that amplify perceived threat, destabilize coordinated responses, and degrade defensive efficacy.1 In this sense, we view cognitive engagement as a fundamental aspect of irregular warfare.
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