In the coming years, Europe risks finding itself on the front lines of a new conflict with a battle-hardened, aggressive Russia. Preventing—and, if necessary, defeating—Russian aggression in the coming years will require a concerted European and U.S. effort to manage the transition to “Allied-led defense” in a way that does not create additional vulnerabilities, while still communicating strong resolve to Moscow. Learning the right lessons from the war in Ukraine and concluding that war on terms favorable to Kyiv that do not further undermine European security are also critical. 

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