Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, now into its third year, has confounded many assumptions – both in Moscow and in the West – about the effectiveness of Russian military capabilities, organization and tactics. Russian forces have suffered heavy losses at times, prompting the military leadership to embark on a programme of regeneration and modernization. Moscow seeks to reform its force structure, recruit more troops, and replace or improve weapons and equipment, both to make up for losses incurred in combat and to address shortcomings in capabilities that the war has exposed.

Read more →